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1.
The origin and history of the Earth are manifested as the evolutionary processes of chemistry and physics of its interiors,which can be recognized by deciphering the geochemical signals recorded in minerals and rocks.Deep interiors of the Earth and other rocky planets are under both extreme pressure and temperature,i.e.,approximately 360 gigapascals(GPa)and as high as 7000 K at the center of the Earth. 相似文献
2.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》2000,25(6-7):543-548
We used the local slope/drainage area relationship to derive the basic erosion and tectonic parameters from a topography. Assuming a dynamic equilibrium between uplift and erosion, this relationship is expected to depend quite simply on the rock erodibility, and on the tectonic uplift. This relationship may then be used to quantify independently the effect of lithological variation on the erodibility, and the uplift rate. We tested the method on a computer simulated topography and showed that the uplift information can be precisely calculated from the topographic analysis alone. We then analysed the topography of Brittany (France), and obtained a good agreement with uplift data from comparative levelling studies and river incision analysis. 相似文献
3.
The evolution of barchan-to-parabolic dunes can be driven by vegetation establishment, which may be linked to climate change and/or human activity. However, little is known of the impact of changes in wind strength on vegetation development and the resulting impacts on the evolution of dune morphology and sedimentological characteristics. To address this issue, we studied the morphology and grain-size characteristics of barchan, barchan-to-parabolic and parabolic dunes in the Mu Us Desert in north China, which was combined with an analysis of changes in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and climatic variables during 1982–2018. The results reveal a trend of increasing growing-season NDVI which was related to a significant decrease in drift potential (DP). Therefore, we suggest that the initiation of dune transformation was caused by the reduced wind strength which favored the establishment and development of vegetation. To reveal the response of sedimentological reorganization during the processes of dune transformation, grain-size characteristics along the longitudinal profile of the three different types of dunes were examined. The decreasing wind strength led to the transport of fine sands on the upper part of the windward face of the dunes, resulting in a progressive coarsening of the grain-size distribution (GSD) and a reduction in dune height at the crest area. No distinct trend in sorting and mean grain-size was observed on the windward slope of the barchan-to-parabolic dune, indicating that the sand in transit had little influence on the GSD. Conversely, progressive sorting and coarsening of the sand occurred towards the crest of the parabolic dune. This indicates that vegetation development limited the transport of sand from upwind of the dune, and affected a shift in the dune source material to the underlying source deposits, or to reworked pre-existing aeolian deposits, and resulted in the trapping of sand in the crest area. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
地壳均衡是地球科学的一个基本概念,其理论基础为“轻地壳（密度较小）漂浮在重地幔（较稠密）之上”。均衡理论（如冲压假说、弹性板理论等）和模型（如Airy模型、Pratt模型及弹性板模型等）的产生及发展对研究岩石圈流变学性质、圈层相互作用及造山作用等地球动力学过程有着重要意义。本文总结了相关均衡理论、模型及计算方法,并结合其在不同空间尺度构造地貌现象研究中的运用,包括：① 冰川均衡调整研究中不同模型的优化及其对全球海平面变化的指示意义、② 阐明海山洋岛发育过程及其制约因素、③ 利用弹性板模型重建山脉隆升和盆地挠曲沉降史并进一步探讨二者之间的相互作用、④ 通过研究变形湖滨线有效地约束地球的相关物理参数、⑤ 建立河流三角洲发育特征模型并服务于现代社会经济、⑥ 揭示水库蓄水导致的地壳挠曲变形与浅部地质灾害发育的关系及 ⑦ 同震滑坡对局部地貌改造的影响,讨论并展望了未来地壳均衡在构造地貌学领域的发展方向,即结合高精度大地测量技术与地质年代学方法,定量地解决构造地貌研究中的关键问题,更全面、系统地了解地表过程、地球深部过程与动力学和地球圈层之间的相互作用。 相似文献
5.
利用电子探针、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱分别测定了华南地区福建省白琳大嶂山新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩包体矿物的主要元素、微量元素和H2O含量。橄榄岩矿物主要元素之间的相关性符合部分熔融趋势，部分熔融程度在0～21%之间。大多数样品（23个样品中的21个）部分熔融程度较低（<6%）并具有亏损的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素模式。单斜辉石、斜方辉石和橄榄石的H2O含量分别为78×10 -6～262×10 -6、37×10 -6～124×10 -6和~0。尽管不能排除橄榄石包体上升过程中的潜在H的扩散丢失，但两种辉石保留了地幔中的H2O含量，这可以从 ① 单个辉石颗粒中的均一的H2O含量和 ② 单斜辉石和斜方辉石之间的平衡H2O分配推断出来。基于矿物模式，并假设单斜辉石和橄榄石之间的H2O分配系数为10，计算出的全岩H2O含量范围为15×10 -6～67×10 -6。水含量与熔融指数、交代指数、氧化还原状态和温度之间缺乏良好的相关性，说明白琳地区岩石圈地幔中水含量的控制因素是复杂的。已有研究表明浙江省建德地区岩石圈地幔具有较高水含量。白琳和建德两地对比显示，两地岩石圈地幔在熔融程度、交代程度、氧化还原状态和平衡温度非常类似，但是水含量差异巨大。华夏地块（以建德和白琳为代表）的岩石圈地幔在主成分和微量成分上可能均一，但H2O含量有巨大差异，体现了地幔的不均一性。 相似文献
6.
The Gurbantunggut Desert is the second-largest desert in China, located in the westerly-dominated region of north-western China. Previous understanding of palaeoclimate of this desert was mostly based on lake and loess records from the Junggar Basin and Tian Shan Mountains, whilst direct dating of sedimentary records from the desert was very limited. This study applies high-resolution post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR) dating to three sedimentary profiles at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert, which contain aeolian sand and water-lain sediments, recording palaeoenvironmental changes at the desert margin since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Different pIRIR dating procedures were applied for samples with different ages. For Holocene-aged samples, a single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) pIRIR procedure based on a three-stepped pIRIR measurement at 110 °C, 140 °C and 170 °C was used, and a standard growth curve (SGC) procedure yields an equivalent dose (De) similar to that of the full-SAR procedure; thus, is applicable for accelerating De measurement. For samples much older than the Holocene, a multi-aliquot regenerative-dose (MAR) pIRIR procedure based on a three-stepped pIRIR measurement at 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C was found to be the optimal dating procedure, because a SAR procedure would yield underestimated ages due to uncorrected initial sensitivity change. pIRIR dating results of the investigated profiles reveal a substantial sand accumulation during the LGM, an intensification of aeolian deposition at ∼12 ka and a wetter depositional environment at ∼10–8 ka. A rapid fluvial deposition is dated at ∼20–19 ka, corresponding to the deglaciation period. The sedimentary records from the desert margin show some correlation with lake and loess records in the same region and suggest a complex response of the desert environment to different climatic factors. 相似文献
7.
《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2004,217(1-2):33-42
The cosmogenic 10Be exposure histories of in situ bedrock surfaces from the Tibetan Plateau indicate low erosion rates of <30 mm/ka in southern and central Tibet during the last interglacial–glacial cycle that contrast strongly with unusually rapid erosion rates (60–2000 mm/ka) for Kunlun in northern Tibet during the Holocene, comparable with published values from the Himalaya. By comparing apatite fission-track ages with cosmogenic data, erosion rates in southern Tibet appear to be decelerating since the Miocene, whereas in the Kunlun, erosion rates have accelerated over the same timescale. Such secular changes suggest that the southern and central regions of the plateau had formed their present flat relief by the Pleistocene. Unusually high erosion rates along the northern margin of the plateau may reflect intense tectonic activity during the Holocene. These findings indicate that over much of the high plateau erosion rates are exceptionally low, and therefore the sources of detritus carried by the great Asian rivers that rise in Tibet lie overwhelmingly in bedrocks at lower altitudes. This study illustrates the potential of cosmogenic studies for unraveling the most recent phase of the erosion/exhumation history of orogenic belts that cannot be resolved by either Ar-isotope or fission-track thermochronometers. 相似文献
8.
青藏高原南部发育的一系列近南北向裂谷是印度-欧亚大陆持续挤压作用下的大型伸展构造,也是揭示高原后碰撞构造演化过程的重要对象。目前,关于南北向裂谷的形成机制存在多种假说模型,并对裂谷时空分布特征做出了不同的预测,这成为约束裂谷成因机制的关键条件。综合关于裂谷启动时间的已有研究成果,进一步梳理了南北向裂谷的时空分布特征,结果表明近南北向裂谷的启动时间似乎具有自西向东逐步减小的趋势,这与拉萨地体广泛出露的后碰撞岩浆作用演化过程一致。在此基础上,结合地球物理观测,推断近南北向裂谷的动力学机制与印度板片向东拆离假说最为契合。印度板片自西向东的拆离建立了向东传播的重力势能梯度,从而驱动岩石圈向东流动,最终导致南北向裂谷依次向东发育。 相似文献
9.
地壳均衡是地球科学的一个基本概念,其理论基础为“轻地壳（密度较小）漂浮在重地幔（较稠密）之上”。均衡理论（如冲压假说、弹性板理论等）和模型（如Airy模型、Pratt模型及弹性板模型等）的产生及发展对研究岩石圈流变学性质、圈层相互作用及造山作用等地球动力学过程有着重要意义。本文总结了相关均衡理论、模型及计算方法,并结合其在不同空间尺度构造地貌现象研究中的运用,包括：① 冰川均衡调整研究中不同模型的优化及其对全球海平面变化的指示意义、② 阐明海山洋岛发育过程及其制约因素、③ 利用弹性板模型重建山脉隆升和盆地挠曲沉降史并进一步探讨二者之间的相互作用、④ 通过研究变形湖滨线有效地约束地球的相关物理参数、⑤ 建立河流三角洲发育特征模型并服务于现代社会经济、⑥ 揭示水库蓄水导致的地壳挠曲变形与浅部地质灾害发育的关系及 ⑦ 同震滑坡对局部地貌改造的影响,讨论并展望了未来地壳均衡在构造地貌学领域的发展方向,即结合高精度大地测量技术与地质年代学方法,定量地解决构造地貌研究中的关键问题,更全面、系统地了解地表过程、地球深部过程与动力学和地球圈层之间的相互作用。 相似文献
10.
Zhou Changjiang Xia Jianghai Cheng Feng Pang Jingyin Chen Xinhua Xing Huaixue Chang Xiaojun 《Surveys in Geophysics》2022,43(3):853-881
Surveys in Geophysics - Reliable dispersion measurement between two seismic stations is an essential basis of surface wave imaging. Noise source directivity has become an inescapable obstacle and a... 相似文献